What public health strategies are needed to reduce smoking …
Smoking initiation is a key behaviour that determines the future health consequences of smoking in a society. There is a marked difference in smoking patterns around the world, driven by initiation rates. While a number of high-income countries have seen smoking prevalence decline markedly from peak, many low-income and middle-income countries appear to still be on an …
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3 天之前 · Tobacco Control is a Plan S compliant Transformative Journal. Tobacco Control is an international peer-reviewed journal covering the nature and consequences of tobacco use worldwide; tobacco's effects on population health, the economy, the environment, and society; efforts to prevent and control the global tobacco epidemic through population-level education …
A study of pyrazines in cigarettes and how additives might be …
Background Nicotine is known as the drug that is responsible for the addicted behaviour of tobacco users, but it has poor reinforcing effects when administered alone. Tobacco product design features enhance abuse liability by (A) optimising the dynamic delivery of nicotine to central nervous system receptors, and affecting smokers’ withdrawal symptoms, mood and …
Evolution of tobacco products: recent history and future directions
2022年3月1日 · Declines in cigarette smoking prevalence in many countries and the consolidation of the tobacco industry have prompted the introduction of other forms of nicotine delivery. These include electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), heated tobacco products (HTPs) and oral nicotine products (ONPs). Evolving over time, some of these products now deliver nicotine at …
European Tobacco Products Directive (TPD): current impact and …
Efforts to reduce the toll of tobacco-related morbidity and mortality in the European Union are spearheaded by the Tobacco Products Directive (TPD), a legal act implemented during 2016–2021, with the overall aim to reduce tobacco consumption by 2% in Europe. Within this time frame, several core tobacco control measures were implemented, the impact of which is …
Health consequences of smoking 1–4 cigarettes per day
Objectives: To determine the risk in men and women smoking 1–4 cigarettes per day of dying from specified smoking related diseases and from any cause. Design: Prospective study. Setting: Oslo city and three counties in Norway. Participants: 23 521 men and 19 201 women, aged 35–49 years, screened for cardiovascular disease risk factors in the mid 1970s and followed …
Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half …
Background Despite compelling evidence on the health hazards of tobacco products accumulated over the past 70 years, smoking remains a leading cause of death worldwide. Policy action to control smoking requires timely, comprehensive, and comparable evidence on smoking levels within and across countries. This study provides a recent assessment of that evidence based …
“Pack year” smoking histories: what about patients who use loose ...
Life time smoking of ready made cigarettes can be readily quantified as “pack years” smoked, but methods for measuring loose tobacco use are less well established. In this study the frequency of loose tobacco use by 247 hospital in-patients was determined; 64% were current or ex-smokers, 41.3% of whom (25.9% of participants) had smoked loose tobacco. A formula was developed …
Synthetic nicotine has arrived | Tobacco Control
Synthetic nicotine: chemistry and manufacturers. Nicotine is a chiral molecule with two stereoisomers, S-nicotine and R-nicotine ().Tobacco leaf contains >99% S-nicotine.8 A search for the term ‘synthetic nicotine’ in the Truth Tobacco Industry Documents revealed that the industry considered the use of synthetic nicotine already in the 1960s. A document by British American …
Optimising tobacco control campaigns within a changing media …
Reviews published over the past decade confirm tobacco control campaigns can be effective for influencing adult and youth tobacco use behaviours, with strengthening evidence for high cost-effectiveness. Evidence is also accumulating for positive campaign effects on interpersonal discussions, social norms and policy support that can help motivate and sustain quitting and …