Actuators are the input and output devices that connect electronic, hydraulic or pneumatic control systems to their environment. They convert external forces or conditions, such as temperature ...

Rotary actuators are responsible for powering the robot’s joints, enabling rotational movement. The most common bearings used in these actuators are crossed roller bearings, four-point contact ...

School of Material Science and Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China ...