The field of mucosal immunology covers a lot of territory, given that it comprises the large physical surfaces that line the body's passages and cavities and that link the external environment to ...

The mucosal route plays an important role in nanoscale delivery. The nanoscale systems have to penetrate or diffuse through the mucosal membrane to reach the epithelium as depicted in Figure 3A & B.

Gastrointestinal mucus generally exists as two layers, a basal 'unstirred' or 'firmly adherent' layer and a luminal 'stirred' or 'sloppy' layer [74–76] ; however, most of the cited references ...