Symbol equations are a quick way of representing chemical reactions. They show us what atoms are involved and how they are bonded together. Symbol equations always take the form, reactants → ...

Chinese writing is logographic, that is, every symbol either represents a word or a minimal unit of meaning. When I write the character , it not only has a sound, niu, it has a meaning, “cow.” Only a ...

Writing is a complex system of rules that tells us how to arrange and interpret symbols to convey all kinds of information, from literal descriptions to abstract thoughts. Long before those rules ...

The writing system is thought to have originated ... But the origins of proto-cuneiform’s emergence have been murky, and many ...

Aboriginal message sticks, traditional tools of communication, offer a glimpse into a sophisticated and unique form of ...