In 2024, air temperatures and ocean temperatures once again reached record highs. According to climate researchers, ocean ...

There is always an element of naivete when attempting to extrapolate historical events from books that date back thousands of years. Three Wise Men, Macmillan Poster, 1960. But what exactly is the ...

The guisarme was widely used in Europe as a defensive tool against bandits and wild animals and as an aggressive weapon in times of war. The French word “guisarme”, which was borrowed into English, ...

If a doctor “treats the abscess in a nobleman’s eye but causes the loss of the eye,” he would lose his hand. A handful of Egyptian documents describe medicines made from beans, leeks, figs, dates, and ...

The patient lies supine within the iron lung, which is a horizontal cylinder sealed off from the outside and connected to an air pump. Paul Richard Alexander in his iron lung. (Image: Special Books by ...

Historically associated with displeasured overtones, the image of giantesses in popular culture has evolved to reflect shifting cultural views on women's assertiveness. The name “Gigantes” is used to ...

Manufacturing chain mail or plate armor required high-intensity work methods and permanent buildings that were not feasible for the lifestyle of the Mongols. The Mongol archer in Mongolian light armor ...

A typical spadone weighed 5.7 lbs (2.6 kg) and had a length of up to 79 inches (200 cm). Spadone was used between the 15th and 17th centuries, most notably in the Swabian War (1499), Italian Wars ...

Perilaus constructed a hollow bronze bull and confined the offenders within before heating the brazen bull to a red-hot temperature. This engraving by Hans Burgkmair ((473–1531) depicts the use of ...