Frequency Modulation (FM) sounds simple at first ... and demodulation circuits into their basic op-amp stages with examples of what the signal should look like on a scope after each stage.

You may click on any underlined ratio to hear a sound example. In each case, the fundamental frequency is 100 Hz, both carrier and modulator are sine waves, and the modulation index is swept from 0 to ...

This diagram shows an example of an AM modulated radio signal (on bottom) where the high of the radio carrier signal is change by using the signal amplitude or voltage of the audio signal (on top).

One of the most common modulation examples is the aforementioned LFO, modulating the filter frequency or the oscillator pitch ...

Amplitude modulation (AM) is also widely used to alter a carrier wave to transmit data. For example, in AM radio, the voltage (amplitude) of a carrier with a fixed center frequency (the station's ...